Historic overview

The story of the Ritz-Carlton begins with Swiss hotelier Cesar Ritz who was well known in the hotel industry as the â€Å"king of hoteliers and hotelier to kings. † Mr. Ritz redefined luxury accommodation in Europe with his management of The Ritz in Paris and The Carlton in London. Although he died in 1918, his wife Marie continued the tradition of opening hotels in his name. The Ritz-Carlton Investing Company was established by Albert Keller, who bought and franchised the name in the United States. The original Ritz-Carlton hotel was built in Boston, Massachusetts, and opened on May 19, 1927 with a room rate of $15 per night.It became known as the hotel to kings, queens, movie stars, and tycoons: Prince Charles, Irving Berlin, Bette Davis, and Howard Hughes were just a few of its notable guests. Additional locations soon opened in New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Atlantic City and Boca Raton, but all these locations did not survive the Great Depression and by 1940 only The Ritz-Carlton Boston remained. The Wyner Years: 1927-1964 On October 1926, 29-year-old Edward N. Wyner bought a third-acre parcel at the corner of Arlington and Newbury streets and formed a partnership called The Ritz-Arlington Trust with his father, George, and business associate, John S.Slater. The trust sold $2. 1 million of bonds to finance the construction of a hotel to be called the Mayflower. The 18-story, 201-foot brick building, designed by Strickland, Blodget & Law Architects, was far taller than anything else along Newbury Street at the time. Construction had started on the second floor when Wyner was persuaded by then-Mayor James Michael Curly to make the Mayflower a world-class, 300-room Ritz-Carlton Hotel, which opened May 19, 1927. Room rates were $5 to $15 per night; $40 per night for suites. After a hugely successful opening, the stock market crash of 1929 and ensuing Depression brought financial difficulties.The Wyner family funded the hotel’s operating loss es during the early 1930s, although the interest on the bonds went unpaid. Still in 1933, when only 30 guests were registered in the hotel, Wyner turned on the lights in every guest room to give the appearance the hotel was full. Wyner died of a heart attack on Dec. 5, 1961. His six sons tried to continue operation of the hotel, but it was too difficult, and a decision was made to sell. The Blakeley Years: 1964-1983 The unpaid interest on the bonds dissuaded many from trying to buy the hotel.But Cabot, Cabot & Forbes principal Gerald F. Blakeley Jr. was interested. After more than a year of legal work, Hale and Dorr succeeded at clearing the bond obligations, and in October 1964 Blakeley and associates Paul Hellmuth and Charles Spaulding acquired the Ritz-Carlton Boston for $3. 8 million. â€Å"Out of the 20 years I owned it, it made money three years. The other years it broke even, but from a public relations standpoint for CC&F, it was a tremendous asset,† said Blakeley, wh o completed a 19-story Ritz-Carlton luxury condominium complex on land adjacent to the hotel in 1981.In the late 1960s Blakeley obtained the rights to the Ritz-Carlton name in North America (with the exception of Montreal and New York). In June 1978, Blakeley was awarded the rights and privileges of the Ritz-Carlton trademark in the United States and was given a US Service Mark Registration. In August 1983, Johnson Properties bought the Ritz Boston and US trademark for $75. 5 million and established the Ritz-Carlton Hotel Co. In 1988, Johnson subsequently obtained the exclusive rights to the Ritz name throughout the world (except for the 210-room Hotel-Ritz Paris and the Ritz-Carlton in Montreal).The Corporate Years: 1983-1999 Johnson grew the company from the One Ritz-Carlton Boston to 30 hotels worldwide in just 10 years. He obtained financing to do so from Manufacturers Hanover Trust of New York in 1983 in the amount of $85 million secured by the Ritz-Carlton Boston. This loan wa s refinanced in 1989 by Manhattan Tops USA of New York for $136. 5 million and again in 1994 by Sumitomo Bank of Japan. By 1996, this mortgage was in default and the interest and penalties brought the total debt to $214. 8 million.By splitting this mortgage note into three parts, Sumitomo Bank was able to unbundle the Ritz Boston from the trademark rights to the Ritz brand worldwide. Blackstone Real Estate Acquisitions of New York bought the Ritz-Carlton Boston at auction for $75 million in February 1998. A month later, Host Marriott Corp. of Bethesda, Maryland, acquired the hotel from Blackstone for $100 million. Marriott International Inc. , which franchises and manages Marriott’s 325,000 rooms, bought the Ritz-Carlton Hotel Co. and rights to the Ritz-Carlton name worldwide from W. B. Johnson for $290 million in a two-part transaction completed in 1998.Millenium Purchase In 1998, Christopher Jeffries, founding partner of Millennium Partners, obtained Ritz franchises from Ma rriott for four hotel properties under construction: two in Washington, one in New York City, and one in Atlanta, Georgia. In addition, Jeffries was searching for a brand affiliation for the new 155-room hotel and 270-luxury condominiums he was constructing as part of Boston’s 1. 8 million-square-foot Millennium Place, a mixed-use complex on lower Washington Street. Because of noncompetition clauses, the only way he could obtain a second Ritz flag in Boston was to own the existing Ritz.Millennium Partners acquired the original Ritz-Carlton Boston for $122 million (though it had sold for just $75 million less than two years prior) and spent $50 million for renovations. Marriott agreed to allow the Ritz affiliation for the condominium complex, which will be known as The Residences at the Ritz-Carlton, and share all of the services of the hotel. In 1999, when Millennium Partners of New York, the new owners of the original Ritz-Carlton Boston, announced that the company was build ing a second Ritz-Carlton in Boston (the now-completed 193-room Ritz-Carlton, Boston Commons), there was much local disapproval.A member of the old guard summed up: â€Å"The movement of a name from one place to another doesn’t do it. There would never be that special atmosphere; a grace, decency, and ambiance that once existed. † Millennium Partners admitted they had no intentions of trying to duplicate the Ritz. Taj Purchase In October 2002, The Ritz-Carlton Boston celebrated its 75th Anniversary with a major restoration to bring the facility 21st century amenities while maintaining its 20th century decor. The Ritz-Carlton Boston has been in continuous operation since it opened in 1927.The property is a Boston landmark and anchors fashionable Newbury Street and the picturesque Boston Public Garden located in the heart of the Back Bay. In November 2006, The Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces, subsidiary of the India-based Tata Group, entered into a definitive agreement to purchase The Ritz-Carlton Boston from its current owners, Millennium Partners. The $170 million transaction is scheduled to close on January 11, 2007. Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces operates 75 hotels across the world.The Ritz-Carlton Boston will be renamed the Taj Boston upon closing the purchase. The existing Ritz-Carlton Boston Common is expected to be renamed Ritz-Carlton Boston. 2000 and beyond From 2001 to 2007 Boston was home to two Ritz-Carlton hotels that faced each other on Boston Common. The Ritz-Carlton Boston Common Hotel opened in 2001. In November 2006 The Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces, India luxury hotel group entered into an agreement to purchase the original 1927 Ritz-Carlton Boston from its current owners, Millennium Partners, for $170 Million.The Ritz-Carlton name was not sold to Taj Hotels. The Ritz-Carlton Boston was renamed Taj Boston on Jan. 11, 2007. The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, LLC has announced its first hotel in India. The property is slated to open in Bangalore in 2007. The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company In 1983, the original hotel and the brand were sold to The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L. L. C. , based in Atlanta, Georgia which began expansion of the brand to other locations. The company grew to become the hospitality leader in the US under the leadership of Horst Schulze.His strong conviction of customer loyalty and emphasis on a value/mission driven philosophy for the â€Å"Ladies and Gentleman serving Ladies and Gentleman† became a benchmark in the industry that other companies aspired yet never reached. In 1995, Marriott International purchased a 49% stake in The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company and in 1998 purchased an additional 50% stake in the company giving it 99% ownership of the company. The company is now headquartered in Chevy Chase, Maryland, located in the Washington, D. C. MSA.The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company partnered with Bulgari in 2001 to operate a chain of hotels owned by and operated under the Bulgari bran d. Simon Cooper joined Ritz-Carlton in 2001 as President and Chief Operating Officer taking the helm from Horst Schulze. Cooper's mandate was to grow the chain through hotel expansion and product diversification. Under Cooper's watch the company has aggressively expanded its hotels and has added The Residences at The Ritz-Carlton (private residential units) as well as The Ritz-Carlton Club (fractional ownership residences) to the company's new development program.

Highly Confidential Security System

Highly Confidential Security System ABSTRACT- Due to busy life style we can’t remember all confidential data like All mail Id, Password, All bank account no. , Insurance policy no. , Pan card no. , Driving License no. , Passport no. ,All education certificate Numbers, Some highly valued scan copy, some confidential photos, music and videos. So we can develop highly security web application in which we can store all confidential data in single credentials. * HCSS keeps confidential data and provide high security. It reduce all Efforts of any user to remember all id’s ,passwords they have and facilitate to use single id and password. * In this system whenever any transaction takes place from their account they get informed through a text messages or E-mails. * This System provides Video locker, image locker, music locker, bank account information locker, mail id and password locker. * It keeps past logs and also need extra credential to delete these logs. By using the pas t logs a user can undo all its transactions. * System also provides Login mobile verification. This software is user friendly. Any literal person can handle the software for getting different form available on that software. This software is made in English language. * The software provide different login facility for user such as public people, administrator. Different authorized person can login here to modify self portfolio & and can access their confidential data. * Any extra technical skill is not require when any person want to handle this software. Only language and computer literacy is needed to understand that form column and its related information.This software is made secured to user that no other person can modified your personal data. INTRODUCTION- The objective of HCSS is to provide a secure process & way to keep the users data more confidential and more secured. It provides a way that any public people can easily create their portfolio and keep their confidential dat a. And they can also access the data on a single click for that they need to cross a bridge which required only single credential. This project is useful for person as he/she easily store and retrieve their confidential data.This reduces the cases of fraudulence in our country. The main goal of this project according to business point of view to make the life of the people easy by proving the system which will reduce the probability of being cheated by leakage of any confidential information. TECHNOLOGIES TO BE USED:-IBMRational Software Architect:- IBMRationalSoftwareArchitect(RSA)madebyIBM'sRationalSoftwaredivision,isacomprehensivemodelinganddevelopmentenvironmentthatusestheUnified ModelingLanguage(UML)fordesigningarchitecturefor C++andJava 2EnterpriseEdition (J2EE)Applicationsandwebservices. RationalSoftwareArchitectisbuiltontheEclipseopen-sourcesoftware frameworkandincludescapabilitiesfocusedonarchitecturalcodeanalysis,C++,andmodel-driven development(MDD)withtheUMLfor creatingre silientapplicationsandwebservices. IBMWebsphereCommunity Edition:- WebSphereApplicationServerCommunityEdition(fromnowon WASCE)isafree,certifiedJava EE5applicationserverfor buildingandmanagingJava applications. Itis IBM'ssupporteddistributionofApacheGeronimothatusesTomcatfor servletcontainerandAxis2for webservices.OtherdifferencefromApacheGeronimoisthat WASCEcomeswith DB2 andInformix databasedrivers,betterXMLparserlibraries(XML4JandXLXP)andcontainsthelatestpatchesfrom unreleasedupstreamversions. DB2 Express Cor DB2 UDB:- The name DB2 was first given to the Database Management System or DBMS in 1983 when IBM released DB2 on its MVSmainframe platform. Prior to this, a similar product was named SQL/DS on the VM platform. Prior to that in the mid 1970's IBM released the QBE relational database product for the VM platform with a table-oriented â€Å"Query By Example† front-end which produced a linear-syntax language that was a recognizable precursor to QBE nd drove transactions to its relational database. Later the QMF feature of DB2 produced real SQL and brought the same â€Å"QBE† look and feel to DB2. The System 38 platform also contained a relational DBMS. System Relational, or System R, was a research prototype developed in the 1970s. DB2 has its roots back to the beginning of the 1970s when E. F. Codd, working for IBM, described the theory of relational databases and in June 1970 published the model for data manipulation. To apply the model Codd needed a relational database language he named Alpha.At the time IBM didn't believe in the potential of Codd's ideas, leaving the implementation to a group of programmers not under Codd's supervision, who violated several fundamentals of Codd's relational model; the result was Structured English Query Language or SEQUEL. When IBM released its first relational database product, they wanted to have a commercial-quality sublanguage as well, so it overhauled SEQUEL and renamed the basically new language (Syst em Query Language) SQL to differentiate it from SEQUEL.IBM bought Metaphor Computer Systems to utilize their GUI interface and encapsulating SQL platform that had already been in use since the mid 80's. Tivoli CDP /TSM/Tivoli Directory Server:- Designed to provide a data protection and recovery solution for mission-critical applications, in the data center or remote branch offices, for enterprises and small businesses. TSM FastBack can eliminate traditional backup windows by continuously capturing data changes at the block level, with minimal impact to the systems it helps protect.Its policy-based approach to data protection allows administrators to improve recovery service levels, specifically Recovery Point Objectives (RPO) and Recovery Time Objectives (RTO) based on the needs of the individual application or data type. TSM FastBack also provides a near instant restore capability that enables applications to be up and running within minutes after data recovery is initiated, while data recovery is performed in the background. WHAT IT WILL DO:- Registration for users. User personal and confidential data will be encrypted. The encrypted data will be stored in atabase. Public key will be provided to the user at time of registration. Extraction of data n decryption. HOW IT WORKS:- Section 1provides the main page for index . Section 2 gives the interface of the software that is used by user. It gives what level of proficiency is expected of the user, constraints while making the software and assumptions and dependencies that are assumed. Section 3 after being used by user, it deliver all the requirements of the system. Functional requirement are given by various use cases. Some performance requirements and design constraints are also given.It includes user interface, hardware interface, software interface and communication interface. Section 4 gives non functional requirement of feature. It includes the performance requirement of that software. It also contains sa fety requirement, security requirement, and software quality attribute. DIFFERENT MODULES:- User User can login and save and restore their confidential data using their public key. Along with this can seek help, file complaint and give feedback. Admin Admin has the authority to add/delete users, view complaints of user and takes necessary actions. Give response to their feedback and provide help.Operations:- In HCSS the data entered by user is to be secured by encryption. The user can enter data of different types like image file, text document, PAN No, passwords, video document, etc. For this the algorithms used to encrypt them are RSA (Text Encryption) Algorithm used to keep the confidential data secure of the users is RSA. It is an encryption algorithm. It was developed by and named after Rivest, Shamir and Adleman of MIT in 1977. It is the best known and widely used public key scheme. The encryption done is based on exponentiation in a finite (Galois) field over integers modulo a prime.Exponentiation takes O((log n)3) operations(easy). It uses large integers (eg. 1024 bits). It offers security due to cost of factoring large numbers. Factorization takes O(e log n log (log n))) operations (hard). This software is user friendly. Any literal person can handle the software for getting different form available on that software. This software is made in English language. The software provide different login facility for user such as public people, administrator. Different authorized person can login here to modify self portfolio & and can access their confidential data.User can also print, submit & get related information from their portfolio. Any extra technical skill is not require when any person want to handle this software. Only language and computer literacy is needed to understand that form column and its related information. This software is made secured to user that no other person can modified your REFERENCES:- * Object Oriented Modeling and Design with UML-Michael Blaha, James Rambaugh. * Software Engineering, Seventh Edition, Ian Sommerville. * IBM Red Books. * IBM – www. ibm. in/developerworks . * Wikipedia – www. wikipedia. org

A Worst Teacher

I have a terrible teacher in my middle school life, his name is Jian Yang. Mr. Yang was my Chinese teacher, he has model stature, but every time I bethink his face, I feel nausea. I had dreamed about him several times, his face was clearly emerging in my mind, I will never forget his pair of fierce eyes and that wicked mouth. Mr. Yang was the worst teacher in my middle school, although most my middle school’s teachers are not very good. My middle school is a private school. When I was sophomore, Mr. Yang and our Music teacher had been espousal at same year. We all think they will have a ceremonious wedding soon. But the fact is not what we think. In Chinese school, every teacher has an assistant in each class, those assistants help teacher pick up papers and books, or take homework from us and edit then. My friend Yu was Mr. Yang’s assistant. Yu was a cute girl, she have nice voice and smooth long hair. But I detected a strange thing; every time she back to classroom from Mr. Yang’s office, her emotion had been changed, sometimes glad, sometimes displeased. â€Å"Mr.  Yang must did something to her,† I thought, anyway it’s not my business. Five years later, once all my middle school’s friends and I went to my birthday party, I began to ask our middle school career’s mysteries of the unknown. Yu began to crying, I understand why, and ask her â€Å"you cry because Mr. Yang, right? † â€Å"Yes. † She answered. Then I took her to side. She said as she cried â€Å"He is my boyfriend. † I been shocked, doesn’t he have fiancee? Is this the reason why Mr. Yang and our music teacher haven’t done their wedding yet? I have a thousand questions to ask Yu, but it isn’t right timing. Yu kept telling me, and my eyes being opened more and more large. â€Å"Wait; did you just say you went to hotel with him? † I ask her. â€Å"Um†¦ He also asks me some excessive demands. About†¦Ã¢â‚¬  At same time, I can’t inhibit my dander. I tried to call my friend and go find him, but Yu stopped me. â€Å"Let him go, we were just break, I believe that he won’t have a blest wedding. † Right, I thought, he did once, and then he will do twice, until he die, he will never find true love. Whenever I bethink of this event, I can’t stop to think and image Mr. Yang’s lousy eyes. I remember once my classmate Henry and I got a fight in second floor of our school’s hostel. This event becomes a legend in my middle school. The source of the story is, one day afternoon, my friend Bob and I were playing soccer in ours room. After 30 minute Bob has accidentally kicked our roommate Henry’s kettle. We looked at each other’s face and slackened about ten seconds, and then he hastily said, â€Å"Hide it! And never mention this kettle, or†¦ stay it, anyway no one knows. I nod immediately because I felt like I am an ant on a hot pan, but after half hour, this guilty feeling has gradually disappeared. â€Å"I didn’t break anything,† I thought, â€Å"but I won’t tell anyone Bob did it. † Until to evening, we were all going to class, suddenly, a loud voice came â€Å"Who did it! Who break my kettle!? † â€Å"No one break your kettle! Go to your sit and sit! † our math teacher stand behind Henry and said; Henry have got to do so. After evening class, Henry walked to me and asked about his broken kettle. I pretend to do my homework and said â€Å"Don’t know. Then I were peeping him once when he walked away. Second evening class was Mr. Yang’s Chinese class, After this period, every student began to walk back to school’s hostel; I followed people until to second floor of the hostel, a soft and cold voice came to my right ear, even I can felt that breath, â€Å"I know is you, swindler. † â€Å"What did you just said?! † I yelled. And then he yelled back â€Å"I know is you broke my kettle, Bob told everything to me. † Suddenly, I felt I been insult, I lost my mind, clenched my fist and gave his nose a full power punch, and he punched back of course. The result of this fight was disastrous, Henry’s nose bone been broke by me, and my right calf been cut and the wound is about three inches. That’s why this event becomes a legend in my middle school. We two have been taken to hospital then, two hours later we two back to our room. Henry’s bad is below mine, a kind of heavy atmosphere around this room for whole night. At 12 o’clock Mr. Yang came to our room, he punched my right calf and yelled â€Å"you! Get up! † And this punch such as rubbing salt in my wound. I groan out â€Å"what are you doing?! † â€Å"What did you do,† he asked back to me, â€Å"You just broke a nose bone, don’t you know it? â€Å"I know, but he cut my leg also,† I watched his angry eyes and keep groan out; â€Å"you even don’t realize the fact and conclude it my fault? † â€Å"The fact is you hurt Henry,† he said. I hesitate two second, it’s really my fault? Henry didn’t hurt me? I know the fact is Henry cut my calf, and Mr. Yang punched at same wound just 10 second ago. I was hardly getting up and trying to debate with Mr. Yang, â€Å"He was†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mr. Yang interrupts my speech and yelled â€Å"You have nothing to argue, school will expel you! † Then he shut the door hardly. I can’t believe it, he such a dictator and gave m e a conviction. While I’m thinking, Henry laughed. Then he said â€Å"deserved nemesis, you know who am I? My dad and our president are old friend. I can even call the president dad. † I was silenced. At that time, I understood everything. I understood why Mr. Yang says that, but why does he punch my calf, will he get his wage growth up? By this point, I classify Mr. Yang is a lackey. A teacher teaches student a lot of things; include morality, not just education. You may never meet a teacher such like Mr. Yang. Something that cannot be publicity, but I must write about it. I will never meet a teacher â€Å"great† then Mr. Yang.

Philosophy and literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy and literature - Essay Example tween the Creon, and Antigone because Polynice led the forces to invade the Thebes, it has been therefore argued by Creon that he should not be given a decent burial. Despite all that is, Antigone has dissimilar opinion and wants to give her brother a proper burial. The major conflict of Oedipus, the King began at time when Tiresias informs Oedipus that he is accountable of the plague, where he refuses to believe those allegations. The basic conflict that involves Oedipus at Colonus is among Oedipus and Creon. Creon learns from the oracle that for civil strife in Thebe (Oedipus two sons) to end will need Oedipus to return The conflict involving Ismene and Antigone is fearsome, as both girls are agemates with very different personalities. Antigone is critical, moody, brave as well as impulsive, whereas Ismene is lovely, fearful and good-looking. The two are viewed as elegant â€Å"good girl† also â€Å"bad girl† typecast, with Antigone finally tied Ismene to a tree, so as she could steal her sister’s makeup alongside with other things that will make herself further attractive to Haemon. Though, regardless of this vicious rivalry among the two sisters, at the time when Creon is jeopardizing Ismene with death also imprisonment if she continues her quest in burying her brother, Ismene is prompt in jumping to her protection, citing that if Creon locks Antigone up, Ismene will just conquest and die next to her for their disloyalty (Sorvino-Inwood & Christiane pg 139). What can be referred concerning the coincidence of their previous relationship and Ismene’s unexpected readiness for dying for Antigone? Is their antagonism may be less violent than projected since of their bond of sisterhood? Oedipus, King of Thebes, noticed that his marital wife is his own mother, having two sons and two daughters with her. He cursed his son in order to divide the inheritance with the sword. Eteoclesand Polynices, who’s sons had to shed blood, agreed to rule Thebes in alternating

Analysis of Consumers Behavior Is an Important Strategy in Marketing Research Paper

Analysis of Consumers Behavior Is an Important Strategy in Marketing - Research Paper Example Major marketing activities entail advertisement and supply of goods and delivering services to the people. Consumer behaviors such as thoughts, feelings, environment, attitude and self-concept were among the challenges encountered when purchased a laptop from the Samsung Company recently. I realized that factors such as attitude, reference group, self-concept and satisfaction play a crucial role in decision-making process. Employees working in the marketing department of a business unit are tasked with creating a good relationship with the customers and selling the brand of the company. For a firm or a company to function well in the competitive market then issues such as thoughts of consumers, consumer environmental influence and consumer motivation should be put into context (Chartrand, 2009). Companies have to invest in gathering knowledge about the behavior of the consumer. The behavior of the consumer is based on how they dispose of, use and purchase of the products. Consumer’s use of the product is of interest to the organization. Studies on consumers’ behavior are relevant to society. Purchase of high-fat food by most people will affect the health of the people in the area. Marketing does not necessarily deal with sales and advertisement as many people think. It involves all the activities in the company aimed and extending and creating long term relationship with the consumers who are the main point of focus (Dijksterhuis et al, 2012). Some of the small tasks such as responding to a client’s call, organizing forums that invite customers to witness the progress of the company and informing the consumer of the new products in the market are important in stabling along term relationship with the client.  

Transplant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Transplant - Essay Example t patient in the following years through to the 1970’s was poor anti-rejection drugs, which changed by the end of 1970’s when better anti-rejection drugs were developed giving patients up to five years after transplant. The effectiveness of organ transplant improved after that, and its use has augmented over the years. Organ transplantation is referred to as one of the health practices that whose results are often lifesaving. The process involved removal and replacement of a failing or damaged organ in the recipient body and replaced with a fully functioning one (Ethics of Organ Transplantation, 2004). In most occasions, transplantation takes places when the life of the recipient is at stake, and the only hope for survival of the recipient is the replacement of an organ or tissue (Alvaro, Siegel, 2009). Despite its advantages, it is apparent that transplantation has many challenges that may result not only in health complications, but also the loss of life. In relation to this assertion, the paper will expound on the many factors that prevent people from taking part in organ donation. Issues that will be addressed by the paper include the belief that organ donors fail to provide care to their families because of the complications associated with organ donation. In addition, it can cause traumatic disorders, the persistence of donor’s discomfort, in addition to psychological torture experienced after donation of an organ. The heart, lungs, pancreas as well as intestines, kidney and liver are transplantable in humans. The Canadian Medical Association has a specific policy that guides physicians and health care providers to issues regarding organ donation. Organ donors, as well as prospective organ donors, should be provided with relevant, understandable information related to the decision. Occasionally, this involves informing the donor about the benefits as well as risks of transplantation, procedures associated with the determination of death, and testing of

The Art of Steal Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Art of Steal - Movie Review Example Some of the collections were works of artists like Renoirs; 181, CÃ ©zannes; 69, Matisses; 59, Monets and Picassos. The story begins with the institution’s guardian Albert Barnes allowing generous donation to dwindle to a point that the arts collection became a target for the rest of the art institutions, some of them having coveted the paintings since the demise of Barnes in the year 1951. These institutions stepped in a claim to ‘save’ the Barnes Foundation, with the assist of its former president. It was scheduled to be moved this year (2012) from Barnes mansion, which was in Merion, to a new museum building in Philadelphia. However, this relocation was breaking the provision of trust, established in the will of Albert Barnes to keep his collections intact. The film director, Don Argott, could not photograph the inside of the mansion or the spectacular arboretum, the documentary, therefore, depends on the archival materials if not some brilliant visual effects; for instance, redlining. Barnes, a medical doctor, made his wealth from drugs that treated gonorrhea, and he subsequently gathered impressionists’ canvases just like other men who collected champagne corks or tin solders. The film has few living heroes. Every person in this movie was attracted to the power and the money attached to these paintings; to be precise, they all want some. The legal issue is, however, simple; Barnes trust had been wrongfully dismantled when his wishes were ignored. The cultural issue seems more complex, why had the funds that were used to build a new Barnes, not been used in the renovation of the old one? What is the matter with keeping an Eden for art, which requires a pilgrimage to the environs? Anybody who visited the Barnes collection while still in Merion, and preferred the creaky staircases with the insufficiently lit interiors, or less ambitious but lovingly organized portrays of cats and cat lovers, the white wall

Assessing the interest and motives of tourists towards Langkawi Island Literature review

Assessing the interest and motives of tourists towards Langkawi Island - Literature review Example Indeed, travel behaviors define whether tourists choose to visit a destination as a motivational aspect. Travel behaviour defines how tourists behave according to their attitudes before, during, and after traveling (Vuuren, Slabbert, 2011). In assessing the interest and motives of tourists towards Langkawi, we can consider the aspect of responsible tourism in the Island to establish tourists’ perceived expectations of the destination. In this context, responsible tourism seeks to offer quality travel experience to tourists, which conserve nature. In a study that sought to support responsible tourism and assess tourists’ interest and motives in Langkawi, the researchers used a random sample of tourists that included both Malaysians and non- Malaysians (Nair and Azmi 2008, p. 29). The study concentrated on the tourist’s perception of responsible tourism and tourist attractions in Langkawi. According to the study, most tourists visiting Langkawi know and pursue their interests and motives that relate to responsible tourism (Nair and Azmi 2008, p. 31). Apparently, all tourists have interests in destinations that manifest appealing environmental, economic, and sociocultural factors that define responsib le tourism. Notably, tourists visiting Langkawi have interest and motives in historical places like the Langkawi Cultural Village (Nair and Azmi 2008, p. 35). Moreover, they have interest and motives in the hospitable reception and friendliness exhibited by the people of Malaysia. The resounding duty-free shopping status experienced by the tourists defines their interest and motives of visiting this destination. The study establishes that both the Malaysian and non-Malaysian tourists depict immense interest in the relaxation derived from visiting Langkawi (Nair and Azmi 2008, p. 36). Indeed, most tourists come to Langkawi as a break from their normal duties and hence their interests and motives

Remembered Event (Male) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Remembered Event (Male) - Essay Example The fact is that I realized that I fell in love with that girl. Definitely, it was love on the spot. I wanted to help her but couldn’t even pronounce a word, for there was lump in my throat. The girl saw my efforts and came closer. With the first sentence of her and probably due to her marvelous smile the stupor chaining me was broken. Suddenly I found my ability to speak and after that very first moment of our conversation or even before it I caught myself on the thought that that girl, her charming name was Emma, was my destiny, my soul-mate and my love for the whole life. Probably, you may think that I am too sentimental for a male. But to my mind man’s obduration works only in the context of a single status or a one when he just doesn’t know what is love or simply doesn’t experience those feelings that I learnt when met Emma. Thus, after that day I laid siege to Emma by the means of every possible way. Surely, my addresses were romantic ones, since romanticism had opened within me to the extent that days and nights I spent inventing plan for our dates. After some time of my tremulous attention Emma said â€Å"yes† to my proposal of relations. And we started dating. There was no doubt that it was the beginning of the happiest time of my life. At least, I thought in such a way, for I was flying high above the sky. Every day I was planning something new and interesting to make happy my beloved Emma. Time passed apart from her was seemed everlasting. Seconds and minutes spent together were the greatest happiness for us. I felt Emma was my blessing of destiny. We even had our places in parks, cinemas, cafes and just in the streets. We enjoyed each other every moment of our dates without thinking of any serious questions and issues, which were waiting for us in the nearest future. Approximately after seven months of our romantic relations Emma told me that there was no future for us, as her parents didn’t see me as a good life

Professional Responisbility Ethics Research Paper

Professional Responisbility Ethics - Research Paper Example And the Attorney, after reading the draft prepared by the Legal Assistant, decides whether the firm would handle the case, and then the attorney decides the settlement range, strategies, and ultimately finalizes the settlement. The information regarding case strategies are conveyed to the client by the Legal assistant. In addition, the legal assistant interviews witnesses, and negotiate settlement number with the insurance company. According to Canon 3 EC 3-2 of the ABA Model Code of Professional Responsibility, the sensitive variations in the considerations that bear on legal determinations often make it difficult even for a lawyer to exercise appropriate professional judgment, and it is therefore essential that the personal nature of the relationship of client and lawyer be preserved. As a result, the American Bar points out that a competent professional judgment requires trained familiarity with law and legal processes, and an analytical approach to legal problems. Admittedly, Att orney can claim that the Legal Assistant was a law student and had considerable amount of experience in handling such cases. However, the American Bar Association reminds that a non-lawyer, despite some experience, is not governed by the same rules in matters of integrity or legal competence as an attorney is. That means, despite the great degree of skills and experience of the Legal Assistant, the legal assistant cannot be entrusted such tasks which are to be done by the Attorney. However, there are disputes regarding as to what constitutes the practice of law. It is, in fact, difficult to explain in concrete terms what constitutes legal practice. However, the mere fact is that people go to a lawyer when they are in need of a professional legal judgment (EC 3-5). If this is the case, it becomes evident that Attorney has blatantly violated the ethical codes as Attorney does not directly interact with the clients. The initial interview is solely handled by Legal Assistant without any supervision of Attorney. Thereafter, it is the Legal Assistant who makes a draft of the complaint for the Attorney to read. Purely based on this report, Attorney decides if she would take up the case. That means, the clients are denied their right to listen to the legal opinion of a lawyer regarding the matter. It is pointed out in EC 3-4 that lay people who seek legal services are not in a position to judge if they will receive proper professional attention. Also, legal matters are very serious matters that involve confidences, reputation, property, freedom, or even life of the client. So, when a person approaches Attorney with such serious legal matters which are highly confidential and demanding, it is highly improper to permit a non-lawyer to handle the issue even without supervision. In addition is the fact that such non-lawyer assistants, despite experience and skills, are not subjected to the regulations of the legal profession. Admittedly, EC 3-6 provides an even clearer vi ew of the situation. According to the guideline, if a lawyer wants to delegate a task to a clerk, secretary, or any other lay person, the lawyer must ensure direct relationship with his client. Now, going back to the case study, it becomes evident that Attorney does not keep any relationship with his clients at all. The attorney does not allow direct interaction or consultation, and lets the Legal Assistant conduct the initial intervie

Cooper-Pearson case study Essay Example for Free

Cooper-Pearson case study Essay Healthcare benefits play a big part in employee satisfaction and retention, though many organizations do not see the importance, according to a recent survey conducted by insurance company MetLife. More than three-quarters of employees who say they have good healthcare benefits also report high job satisfaction, and 71 percent of those workers are loyal to their employers. Conversely, only about one-fourth of staff members who are dissatisfied with their benefits are happy and loyal to their organization. I have been given the task to research different medical insurance plans to assist Cooper-Pearson in selecting an insurance program for their marketing company. My aim is to provide them with enough details to make an informed decision on the different managed care plans. This information will allow them to provide their employees with a compensation package that is both affordable and desirable. Once an attractive compensation plan is in place; we expect the retention rate to improve and the recruitment of quality employees to increase. The primary differences between the HMO plan and the PPO plan is that you are required to have a primary care physician within the primary care network that you are assigned to. You dont have the option of visiting a physician outside of the network. You must have a referral from your physician to see a medical specialist and the specialist must be within the approved network. HMO plans normally cost less than a PPO but you may have a higher co-payment with a HMO plan. The PPO provides more information to the insured concerning cost sharing in or out of the network (Kongstvedt, 2007, p 25). According to (â€Å"benefithouse.com†, 2011), an indemnity plan allows you to use a medical provider of your choice to receive medical care. You must pay an annual deductible for the coverage before the insurance repayment takes effect. Once the deductible is paid then the plan will pay a percentage of your medical coverage and you pay the remaining balance. There is a cap on how much the insured has to pay towards his or her coverage with an indemnity plan. The company spends a lot of time recruiting young men and women directly out of college and are willing to provide them with a good salary to join the company. Most people who are directly out of college don’t have families and don’t focus on medical benefits. Their priorities are on making a good salary. However, over time as they begin to have families and or health issues, they come to the realization that the company doesn’t have an adequate health plan. This can lead to stress which can produce other health issues further complicating matters. It is important for this company to go with a managed care plan that has a customer focus approach. This will encourage current and future employees that the company believes in investing in quality medical care, as employees are there foremost priority. The goal is to have an understanding on what type of medical coverage is most important to the employee and use the information as a way to measure the quality provided in the managed care programs. It is common for the insured to play a key role in decisions concerning their healthcare. They are more apt to accept the cost sharing when they feel they are getting a choice on the type of care received. Once the managed care plan is made available to the employees, the desired result is to see an improvement in retention and recruitment. A possible negative impact could be an increase of cost for both the employer and the employee. However, creating an incentive plan such as a wellness program with an employee bonus could encourage a healthier lifestyle which could lead to fewer visits to a provider. Possibly cutting healthcare costs for the company and the employees. The managed care industry is increasingly using physician credentialing when seeking health care providers. The credentialing process must be conducted in a manner that meets the goals of the managed care program. When it comes to managed –care physician credentialing, it is primarily performed to protect patients. It is one of the most effective controls in medicine today and probably ranks right up there with residency training as a key to quality. Credentialing is also performed to protect the hospital and medical staff in case a patient is (or believes he/she has been) injured. Corporate negligence cases often allege that the hospital did not perform the credentialing function well. Good credentialing practices allow one’s hospital to easily demonstrate that you dotted all of the i’s and crossed all of the ts. Theres no question that if a hospital and its credentials committee do their jobs well, it becomes very difficult for a plaintiff attorney to demonstrate negligent credentialing. Employee benefit plans are dynamic. They need to be adapted to changing economic, business, demographic, and other forces that affect these plans and the business community. Otherwise, they can rapidly become outdated and unnecessarily expensive. The Prescription Drug component of the Employee Benefit program is a critical element of an employer-sponsored health and productivity benefit program. Understanding the organization’s position in relation to other employer-sponsored programs can help one measure the pharmacy benefit plan(s) relative to the employer marketplace. It also can help one compete effectively in attracting and retaining high-quality employees, managing prescription drug plan costs and developing appropriate strategies to respond to the challenges of the current economic environment. Finally, health insurance helps protect an individual or family from financial loss for costs incurred because of sickness or injury. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, an estimated 85 percent of all Americans have some form of health insurance. Roughly half of all Americans with coverage get it through their employer or their spouses employer. There are a number of reasons why it makes good business sense for employers to offer insurance benefits to their employees and their families. REFERENCES: 1. Kongstvedt, P. Essentials of Managed Health Care, 5th Edition. 2007. Jones and Bartlett: Sudbury, MA. 2. Benefit House, What is Indemnity Health Insurance, 2011. Retrieved 14 September, 2012 from 3. http://www.benefithouse.com/insurance/health/indemnity.html 4. https://www.bucksurveys.com/bucksurveys/Surveys/PrescriptionDrugBenefit/tabid/81/Default.aspx 5. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-health-insurance-company-17225.html

Opinions and Social Pressure Essay Example for Free

Opinions and Social Pressure Essay Asch in his essay â€Å"Opinions and Social Pressure† conducted an experiment to determine effects of group pressure towards an individual and concluded that there is a very strong tendency to conformity even when doing so conflicting with their own senses of morality. In the experiment a group of young students have to compare length of lines on two different sheets of paper. On one of them there is a sample single line and on the other one there are three lines only one of which is same size as the sample line from the first sheet. People taking part in this experiment are instructed to point at lines that are the same length. At first, during the experiment the group is unanimous in their answers and chooses the correct line, but later on the person that sits near to the end of the line in which people taking part in the experiment are sited, selects different answers then the rest of the group. As the experiment continues and the situation repeats, the isolated in selecting different than the majority answers person shows signs of feeling uncomfortable in position of dissenter. What he doesn’t know is that the rest of the group is instructed to give wrong answers while the experiment is conducted. The single individual is placed in the minority while actually giving the correct answers. Subjects of this experiment could act independently or they could go along with majority’s opinion. A prominent percentage yielded. Under the majority pressure people are more likely to accept the misleading information. There are extreme examples of totally independent individuals as well as people who totally agree with the majority almost most of the time and the tendency is highly consistent. After reconstructing the experiment the next question for the scientist to answer is which aspect of influence is more important, the size of majority or its unanimity. It turns out, that the majority size makes a difference only to the point where majority group involves three people. Making the majority any bigger would not influence on the error rate for the answers in the experiment. Breaking up unanimity of the group in given answers has a significant effect. In the experiment it is also noted that the rate of wrong answers depends to a considerable degree on how wrong the majority is. Even with significant difference in length of lines there were still individuals who agree with majority error. For those participating in this experiment almost all declare that independence was preferable to conformity. â€Å"Life in society requires consensus as an indispensable conditions. But consensus, to be productive, requires that each individual contribute independently out of his experience and insight. (†¦) We have found that tendency to conformity in our society so strong that reasonably and well- meaning young people are willing to call white black is a matter of concern† (Salomon E. Asch â€Å"Opinion and Social Pressure† pp. 730). The experiment has proven that we live in times where opinion become very subjective and can be easily modified. Social techniques are wildly used in marketing and sales or even by lobbyist in governmental decision making process. The uncertainty of people own senses, opinion or knowledge can be easily abused. Asch’s experiment implements how people believe in the obvious lies. It’s shows simple ways of influencing perception, judgment and action. Results of this experiment trigger a number of social and scientifically researches like study of Berns G.S. (2005) (Neurobiological Correlates of Social Conformity and Independence During Mental Rotation, Biological Psychiatry, 58(3), pp 245-253), that explains decision making influence on very profound level. It proves that social mechanisms of authority have an effect not only on individual behavior but it also effects brain chemistry. Resources: â€Å"Opinions and S ocial Pressure† / by Solomon E. Asch Berns G. S. (2005) (Neurobiological Correlates of Social Conformity and Independence During Mental Rotation, Biological Psychiatry, 58(3), pp 245-253) Reaction Paragraph: I was very surprised by the results of Asch’s experiment. I always knew that the opinion of the group counts and it’s important to most of us, but would never except that the scale and strength of decision making influence techniques can be so large and effective. Society faces many different forms and techniques of decision making influences that were developed from results of the Asch’s experiment. This techniques share common goals which are to make society to obey and find the best ways to achieve social conformity. On positive side, conformity can be used to create predictability references or to organize a convenient social structure that doesn’t require constant renegotiations. On the negative side, it’s a key to a great power over social behavior and actions. This raise questions over morality and responsibility over the actions that could be caused by manipulations. If the study was conducted on contemporary society the results wouldn’t be much different if not even showing stronger tendency to conformity. Living in the age of social media, mass communication networks and globalization concepts individuals are more pressured to obey, to be a part of events or actions not truly and not only by their free will. The study indicates that in big majority people are followers and they tend to obey authority and follow the opinion of majority. Awareness of how humans tend to obey comes with some tips on how we can protect ourselves from external influence. Cultivating a healthy skepticism and exercising active change in our behavior make us less vulnerable to prospective social experiments.

N Acetylcysteine Quality Control

N Acetylcysteine Quality Control N-acetylcysteine (C5H9NO3S Mr 163.2) is the N-acetyl derivative of the naturally occurring amino acid, l-cysteine. The drug occurs as a white, crystalline powder with a slight acetic odor. N-acetylcysteine is freely soluble in water and in alcohol. N-acetylcysteine is commercially available as aqueous solutions of the sodium salt of the drug. It is used as a mucolytic or as an antidote for paracetamol. The British Pharmacopoeia contains a number of tests for this compound designed to ensure the quality. N-acetylcysteine acts to reduce mucus viscosity by splitting disulfide bonds linking proteins present in the mucus (mucoproteins). Inhaled N-acetylcysteine is indicated for mucolytic (mucus-dissolving) therapy as an adjuvant in respiratory conditions with excessive and/or thick mucus production. Such conditions include emphysema, bronchitis, tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, amyloidosis, pneumonia. It is also used post-operatively, as a diagnostic aid, and in tracheostomy care. It may be considered ineffective in cystic fibrosis (Rossi, 2006). However, a recent paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reports that high-dose oral N-acetylcysteine modulates inflammation in cystic fibrosis and has the potential to counter the intertwined redox and inflammatory imbalances in CF (Tirouvanziam et al., 2006). Oral N-acetylcysteine may also be used as a mucolytic in less serious cases. N-acetylcysteine also acts to augment glutathione reserves (depleted by toxic paracetamol metabolites) in the body and, together with glutathione to directly bind to toxic metabolites. These actions serve to protect hepatocytes in the liver from toxicity due to paracetamol overdose. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine is indicated for the treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. Oral N-acetylcysteine for this indication is uncommon as it is poorly tolerated owing to the high doses required (due to poor oral bioavailability), unpleasant taste or odour and adverse drug reactions (particularly nausea and vomiting). However, some people have shown an adverse allergy to intravenous N-acetylcysteine which includes extreme breathing difficulty, light-headedness, rashes, severe coughing and sometimes also vomiting. Repeated overdoses will cause the allergic reaction to get worse and worse. N-acetylcysteine is prone to both hydrolysis and oxidation and some of the impurities from these reactions are shown below. Scheme 2 2. Experimental: 2.1. Materials: The materials used in this experiment were N-acetylcysteine powder, disodium edentate solution, 1M sodium hydroxide and mixed phosphate buffer pH 7.0, water, dilute hydrochloric acid, potassium iodine solution, 0.05M iodine, 0.1M sodium hydroxide, starch, phenol red and phenolphthalein as indicators. The apparatus used were optical rotation analyser, conical flasks, 10mL and 50mL pipettes, burette, electronic weigh balance and beakers. 2.2. Methods: a) Specific optical rotation: +21ÃÅ'Ã…   to +27ÃÅ'Ã…   1.25g N-acetylcysteine powder was weighed and allowed dissolve in a mixture of 1ml of 10g/L solution of disodium edentate, 7.5ml of 1M sodium hydroxide and sufficient amount of mixed phosphate buffer pH 7.0 to 25ml total volume. Optical rotations of the freshly prepared solution and the old solutions of N-acetylcysteine provided were measured and recorded. b) ASSAY: 98.0%-101.0% C5H9NO3S (as dried material) 0.14g N-acetylcysteine powder was weighed by difference and poured into a conical flask. 60 ml of water and 10ml dilute hydrochloride acid were measured and added into the conical flask. The conical flask was shaking to ensure the N-acetylcysteine powder was fully dissolved. The solution was left to cool. Another 10ml of potassium iodide solution was added into the cooled solution in the conical flask. The solution was then titrated with 0.05M iodine by using starch as indicator. Second titration was carried out to ensure accurate and precise result. c) Assay by titration with 0.1M sodium hydroxide 0.3g N-acetylcysteine powder was weighed by difference and poured into a clean conical flask. Approximately 50 ml of distilled water was measured and added into the conical flask. The conical flask was shaking to ensure the N-acetylcysteine powder was fully dissolved. The solution was titrated with 0.1M sodium hydroxide using phenol red as indicator. Second titration was carried out to ensure accurate and precise result. 0.3g N-acetylcysteine powder was weighed by difference and poured into a clean conical flask. Approximately 50 ml of distilled water was measured and added into the conical flask. The conical flask was shaking to ensure the N-acetylcysteine powder was fully dissolved. The solution was titrated with 0.1M sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein as indicator. Second titration was carried out to ensure accurate and precise result. d) Zinc: Not more than 10ppm Zinc 1.00g of N-acetylcysteine powder was weighed and dissolved in 0.001M hydrochloric acid. The solution was diluted to 50ml with 0.001M hydrochloric acid and solution 1 was obtained. Three solutions were prepared for analysis. The first solution consists of 10ml solution 1 diluted to 20ml with 0.001M hydrochloric acid, second solution consists of 10ml solution 1 and 1ml of 5ppm zinc standard diluted to 20ml with 0.001M hydrochloric acid and the third solution consists of 10ml solution 1 and 2ml of 5ppm zinc standard diluted to 20ml with 0.001M hydrochloric acid. The absorbance of each solution was measured at 213.8nm using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The absorbance for each solution was tabulated. The zinc content in each sample was calculated using the method of standard addition. e) Loss on drying: Not more than 1.0%w/w A sample of N-acetylcysteine was dried at 70ÃÅ'Ã…   C in vacuo for 3 hours and the data was recorded and the percentage loss on drying of this sample was calculated. f) Related substances The chromatograms obtained from the HPLC analysis of both fresh solution and old solution of N-acetylcysteine was examined. 3. Results: a) Specific optical rotation: Mass of weighing boat(g) 26.6089 Mass of weighing boat + sample (g) 27.8609 Mass of weighing boat + residue (g) 26.6079 Mass of sample transferred (g) 1.253 Table 1: The mass of N-acetylcysteine used to make a solution for measurement of specific optical rotation. Calculations: According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP 1999; page 40-41), it states that the specific optical rotation is +  21.0 to +  27.0. To obtain the angle of rotation, the equation below is used, Where, [ÃŽÂ ±] = specific optical rotation ÃŽÂ ± = observed angle of rotation C = concentration of active substance in g/100mL of the solution l = length of column in 2dcms For freshly prepared solution: Angle obtained (ÃŽÂ ±): 2.45à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° Concentration of N-acetylcysteine (c): 5.012 %w/v Path length = 2 dm Specific optical rotation: = 100 x 2.45à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° 2 x 5.012g/ml = +24.5à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° For old solution: Angle obtained (ÃŽÂ ±): -3.29à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° Concentration of N-acetylcysteine (c): 5.012 %w/v Path length = 2 dm Specific optical rotation: = 100 x 3.29à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° 2 x 5.012g/ml = -32.9à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° b) ASSAY: 98.0%-101.0% C5H9NO3S (as dried material) Sample 1 Sample 2 Mass of boat + sample (g) 3.8797 3.8777 Mass of boat + residue (g) 3.7393 3.7398 Mass of Acetylcysteine transferred (g) 0.1404 0.1379 Table 2: The mass of N-acetylcysteine powder in sample 1 and sample 2 for titrations with iodine. First reading Second reading Initial volume (mL) 17.40 26.70 Final volume (mL) 26.40 35.50 Volume of 0.05M iodine used (mL) 9.00 8.80 Table 3: The volume of iodine used for both titration using sample 1 and sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine solution and starch as indicator. Calculations: Actual concentration of iodine used: 0.0476M Molecular weight of N-acetylcysteine (C5H9NO3S): 163.2 The balanced equation for the reaction between N-acetylcysteine and iodine: 2 C5H9NO3S + I2 à   C5H8NO3SSC5H8NO3 + 2HI 2KI à   I2 + 2K+ According to British Pharmacopoeia, 1mL of 0.05M iodine is equivalent to 16.32mg of C5H9NO3S. This means, 2 mole of C5H9NO3S equal to one mole of iodine. Therefore when 1mL of 0.05M iodine = 16.32mg of C5H9NO3S, 1mL of 0.0476M iodine = 0.0476M x 16.32mg/ 0.05M = 15.54mg of C5H9NO3S First titration: 1mL of 0.0476M iodine = 15.54mg of C5H9NO3S So, 9.00mL of 0.0476M iodine = 9.00mL x 15.54mg/ 1mL = 139.86mg = 0.13986g of C5H9NO3S Second titration: 1mL of 0.0476M iodine = 15.54mg of C5H9NO3S So, 8.80mL of 0.0476M iodine = 8.80mL x 15.54mg/ 1mL = 135.52mg = 0.13552g of C5H9NO3S Calculation of Percentage of Purity: Sample 1 of N-acetylcysteine Sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine Mass transferred Actual mass calculated Mass transferred Actual mass calculated 0.1404 0.1399 0.1379 0.1355 According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of purity should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. Equation of the Percentage of Purity: Sample 1: Sample 2: c) Assay by titration with 0.1M of sodium hydroxide i) Titration by using phenol red indicator Sample 1 Sample 2 Mass of boat + sample (g) 3.8916 3.9199 Mass of boat + residue (g) 3.5913 3.6198 Mass of N-acetylcysteine transferred (g) 0.3003 0.3001 Table 4: The mass of N-acetylcysteine powder in sample 1 and sample 2 for titrations with 0.1M of sodium hydroxide. First reading Second reading Initial volume (mL) 1.00 1.00 Final volume (mL) 18.15 18.10 Volume of 0.05M iodine used (mL) 17.15 17.10 Table 5: The volume of 0.1M sodium hydroxide used for both titration using sample 1 and sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine solution and phenol red as indicator. Calculations: Actual concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used: 0.1062M Molecular weight of N-acetylcysteine (C5H9NO3S): 163.2 The balanced equation for the reaction between N-acetylcysteine and sodium hydroxide (NaOH): C5H9NO3S + NaOH à   C5H8NO3SNa + H2O From the equation, one mole of N-acetylcysteine reacts with one mole of NaOH. So the reaction is a 1:1 ratio. To find out the number of mole of NaOH, the equation below is used: First titration: Moles of NaOH = (0.1062M x 17.15mL)/1000 = 1.821 x10-3 moles As the reaction is 1:1 ratio so the number of moles of N-acetylcysteine is equal to the number of moles of NaOH used which is 1.821 x10-3 mole. Mass of N-acetylcysteine = 1.821 x10-3 moles x 163.2 = 0.2972g Second titration: Moles of NaOH = (0.1062M x 17.10mL)/1000 = 1.816 x10-3 moles As the reaction is 1:1 ratio so the number of moles of N-acetylcysteine is equal to the number of moles of NaOH used which is 1.821 x10-3 mole. Mass of Acetylcysteine = 1.816 x10-3 mole x 163.2 = 0.2964g Calculation of Percentage of Purity: Sample 1 of N-acetylcysteine Sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine Mass transferred Actual mass calculated Mass transferred Actual mass calculated 0.3003 0.2972 0.3001 0.2964 According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of purity should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. Equation of the Percentage of Purity: Sample 1: Sample 2: ii) Titration by using Phenolphthalein as the indicator Sample 1 Sample 2 Mass of boat + sample (g) 3.8916 3.9195 Mass of boat + residue (g) 3.5915 3.6195 Mass of N-acetylcysteine transferred (g) 0.3001 0.3000 Table 6: The mass of N-acetylcysteine powder in sample 1 and sample 2 for titrations with 0.1M of sodium hydroxide. First reading Second reading Initial volume (mL) 18.20 17.10 Final volume (mL) 36.80 36.95 Volume of 0.05M iodine used (mL) 18.60 19.85 Table 7: The volume of 0.1M sodium hydroxide used for both titration using sample 1 and sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine solution and phenolphthalein as indicator. Calculations: Actual concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used: 0.1062M Molecular weight of N-acetylcysteine (C5H9NO3S): 163.2 The balanced equation for the reaction between N-acetylcysteine and sodium hydroxide (NaOH): C5H9NO3S + NaOH à   C5H8NO3SNa + H2O From the equation, one mole of a N-acetylcysteine reacts with one mole of NaOH. So the reaction is a 1:1 ratio. To find out the number of mole of NaOH, the equation below is used: First titration: Moles of NaOH = (0.1062M x 18.60mL)/1000 = 1.975 x10-3 mole As the reaction is 1:1 ratio so the number of moles of N-acetylcysteine is equal to the number of moles of NaOH used which is 1.821 x10-3 mole. Mass of N-acetylcysteine = 1.975 x10-3 mole x 163.2 = 0.3224g Second titration: Moles of NaOH = (0.1062M x 19.85mL)/1000 = 2.108 x10-3 mole As the reaction is 1:1 ratio so the number of moles of N-acetylcysteine is equal to the number of moles of NaOH used which is 1.821 x10-3 mole. Mass of N-acetylcysteine = 1.816 x10-3 mole x 163.2 = 0.3440g Calculation of Percentage of Purity: Sample 1 of N-acetylcysteine Sample 2 of N-acetylcysteine Mass transferred Actual mass calculated Mass transferred Actual mass calculated 0.3001 0.3224 0.3000 0.3440 Calculation of Percentage of Purity: According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of purity should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. Equation of the Percentage of Purity: Sample 1: Sample 2: d) Zinc: Not more than 10ppm Zinc (Zn): To determine the concentration of Zinc metal present in a standardised sample, atomic absorption spectrophotometer was applied. This was done so as to comply with the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) standards, where the detected concentration of Zinc should not be more than 10ppm. Mass of Acetylcysteine sample used: 1.00g This sample was diluted accordingly and then analysed or measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer at a set wavelength of 213.8nm. According to the laboratory transcript, the absorbances were given, so the calculation was carried out to determine the concentrations for each solution. Solution Concentration (mg/L) Absorbance (at 213.8nm) (a) 0.00 0.056 (b) 0.25 0.115 (c) 0.50 0.173 Table 8: The absorbance of solution a, b and c using atomic absorbance spectrophotometer. From the table 8 above, a standard additions calibration graph of concentration of zinc in mg/L against absorbance at 213.8nm is plotted. A rather small absorbance indicates that there is a trace or small amount of Zinc (Zn) present in Solution A, which practically contained only the N-acetylcysteine sample. Hence, we can plot a line of best fit and extrapolate to find the concentration of Zn present within our sample. Note that the amount of Zn present is proportional to the absorbance detected at 213.8nm wavelength. Graph 1: The graph of absorbance against concentration of Zinc. Extrapolated value= -0.24 Solution A = 0.24ppm Solution 1 = 0.24 ÃÆ'- 2 = 0.48 ppm Solution 1 0.48g in 100 000 mL = 2.4 ÃÆ'- 10-4g in 50 mL If 1g of N-acetylcysteine contains 2.4 ÃÆ'- 10-4g of zinc ions, 104g of acetylcysteine will contain 2.4g of zinc ions. So concentration of zinc ions in N-acetylcysteine = 2.4ppm Using the calibration graph, we obtained an equation for the line of best fit as shown below: Using the line of best fit we can calculate the concentration of Zinc (Zn) present within Solution 1. This is determined by the difference between the origin (x = 0) and where the line of best fit intercepts the x-axis. To be more accurate, the equation of the line of best fit can be used by assuming the absorbance of N-acetylcysteine at 213.8nm (y-axis) is 0 (y = 0). We can then calculate and find the exact concentration of Zn added (x-axis in mg/L) which gives an absorbance reading of 0.0562 at the wavelength of 213.8 nm. This calculation is shown below where absorbance y = 0. Concentration of Zinc in solution (a) where no Zinc is added:- (Concentration comes in positive value) Therefore, the diluted Solution 1 contains an exact concentration of 0.2402mgL-1 or 0.2402ppm. We can now use this concentration and work backwards from the dilution to obtain the mass of Zn within the 20mL Solution 1, as shown in the calculation below, Mass of Zinc in Solution 1:- From the mass of Zinc present in Solution 1 as calculated, we can say that this equals to the 10mL of N-acetylcysteine sample in Solution (a). This is because Solution 1 was diluted to 20mL using 0.001M hydrochloric acid and contained no other sources of Zinc. Hence, 4.8034ÃŽÂ ¼g of Zinc in 20mL of Solution 1 is equal to 4.8034ÃŽÂ ¼g of Zinc in 10mL of Solution (a). Now using this mass of 4.8034ÃŽÂ ¼g in 10mL of Solution (a) we can find out the total mass of Zinc within 50mL. However, the total mass of Zinc within 50mL of Solution (a) is equivalent to 1.00g of N-acetylcysteine sample which is the original sample mix. Using these data, the mass of Zinc can be calculated as shown in the calculation below, Mass of Zinc in 1.00g of N-acetylcysteine: Hence, 2.4017ÃŽÂ ¼gmL-1 of Zinc is present in 1.00g. We can now calculate an exact concentration of Zinc in parts per million (ppm) as shown in the calculation below, Concentration of Zinc within sample in ppm:- e) Loss on drying: Not more than 1.0% w/w:- Initial mass of N-acetylcysteine sample (g) 1.0965 Mass after drying under specified conditions (g) 1.0893 f) Related substances 1) Acetylcysteine: fresh sample 8.57mg/mL From British Pharmacopoeia, the retention time for the N-acetylcysteine substances as below. Substance Retention time (min) L- cystine About 2.2 L- cysteine About 2.4 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid About 3.3 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine About 12 N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine About 14 acetylcysteine About 6.4 1) Acetylcysteine: fresh sample 8.57mg/mL Substance Retention time (min) Peak retention time obtained Concentration L- cystine About 2.2 1.93 0.5948 L- cysteine About 2.4 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid About 3.3 3.25 0.0794 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine About 12 N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine About 14 13.623 0.3944 Acetylcysteine About 6.4 6.972 94.7507 Calculation of impurities: Peak area/ Total area x 100 Substance Area Concentration Impurity L- cystine 238606 0.5948 0.5948 L- cysteine 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid 31861 0.0794 0.0794 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine 158211 0.3944 0.3944 Acetylcysteine 38007440 94.7507 94.7507 Total area= 40113072 2) Acetylcysteine: old sample 2.5mg/mL Substance Retention time (min) Peak retention time obtained Concentration L- cystine About 2.2 2.11 0.7214 L- cysteine About 2.4 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid About 3.3 3.256 0.8946 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine About 12 N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine About 14 13.415 15.3284 Acetylcysteine About 6.4 6.34 33.7241 Calculation of impurities: Peak area/ Total area x 100 Substance Area Concentration Impurity L- cystine 62935 0.7214 0.7214 L- cysteine 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid 78046 0.8946 0.8946 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine 1337263 15.3284 15.3284 Acetylcysteine 2942118 33.7241 33.7241 Total area= 8724087 3) Cysteine/ cystine: 0.5mg/mL Substance Retention time (min) Peak retention time obtained Concentration L- cystine About 2.2 2.018 5.2956 L- cysteine About 2.4 2.323; 2.65 2.3189; 2.384 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid About 3.3 3.008; 3.207 24.9029; 65.0987 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine About 12 N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine About 14 Acetylcysteine About 6.4 Calculation of impurities: Peak area/ Total area x 100 Substance Area Concentration Impurity L- cystine 87001 5.2956 5.2956 L- cysteine 38097; 39167 2.3189; 2.384 2.3189; 2.384 2-methyl-2 thiazoline-4 carboxylic acid 409128; 1069503 24.9029; 65.0987 24.9029; 65.0987 N,N-diacetyl-L- cystine N,N-diacetyl-L- cysteine Acetylcysteine Total area= 1642895 4. Discussion: a) Specific optical rotation: The specific rotation of a chemical compound [ÃŽÂ ±] is defined as the observed angle of optical rotation ÃŽÂ ± in stereochemistry, when plane-polarized light is passed through a sample with a path length of 1 decimetre (dm) and a sample concentration of 1 gram (g) per 1 millilitre (mL). The specific rotation of a pure material is an intrinsic property of that material at a given wavelength and temperature. The reading should be accompanied by the temperature at which the measurement was performed and the solvent in which the material was dissolved, and this often assumed to be room temperature. The exact unit for specific rotation values is deg dmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1cm3 gà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 or can use degrees (ÃÅ'Ã…  ). Levorotatory rotation (l) means a negative reading obtained and the rotation being to be left. While dextrorotatory rotation (d) means a positive reading and the rotation is being to be right. The specific optical rotation for the freshly prepared solution of N-a cetylcysteine is +24.5à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° which it is dextrorotatory rotation and the old solution of N-acetylcysteine is -32.9à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° which means levorotatory rotation. Measurement of optical rotation is a way to assess optical purity of a sample containing a mixture of enantiomers. An enantiomer is one of two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other that are non-superposable or not identical much as ones left and right hands are the same but opposite. The specific optical rotation of N-acetylcysteine solution is within the range +21ÃÅ'Ã…   to approximately +27ÃÅ'Ã…  . The freshly prepared of N-acetylcysteine solution is found to be in the range however the old N-acetylcysteine solution is not in the range. This reveals stability alteration occurred in the old N-acetylcysteine solution. The impurities have found in the old N-acetylcysteine solution because the presence of small amount of impurities can affect the rotation of the sample. The actual optical rotation value for freshly prepared N-acetylcysteine solution is measured by single polarimeter because if the sample is very concentrated or it has very large specific rotation or the sample larger than 180 °, single polarimeter cannot be used. The variation of specific rotation with wavelength is the basis of optical rotary dispersion (ORD) which used to elucidate the absolute configuration of certain samples. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used to determined the enantiomeric ratio with a chiral column because the aggregation in the N-acetylcysteine solution cause optical rotation of a sample maybe not linear dependent due to enantiomeric excess. b) ASSAY: 98.0%-101.0% C5H9NO3S (as dried material) From the result obtained above, the mass obtained from the titration of N-acetylcysteine solution with iodine with starch as indicator for first titration is 0.13986g and second titration is 0.13552g. The percentage of purity obtained from the experiment for first sample is 99.64%. The percentage of purity from second sample is 98.26%. According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. The percentage of purity for both samples is within the range stated in the BP. BP prefer the iodine titration to a titration using sodium hydroxide because iodine is a very useful oxidising titrant which react with reducing agent ,N-acetylcysteine solution using starch as indicator. Iodine forms an intensely dark blue complex with starch. Starch is an oxidation reduction indicator that shows a reversible colour change between the oxidised and reduced forms. It is not affected by the presence of iodide (I-). Both starch and iodide must be prese nt for the starch to change colour during the titration. Iodine is consumed by thiosulfate in the titration step. The amount of thiosulfate used is proportional to the amount of iodine liberated from the salt. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base. It is more useful in acid- base titration using weak acid or base indicator. c) Assay by titration with 0.1M of sodium hydroxide From the result obtained in this experiment, the mass obtained from the titration of N-acetylcysteine solution with0.1M sodium hydroxide with phenol red as indicator for first titration is 0.2972g and second titration is 0.2964g. The percentage of purity obtained from the experiment for first sample is 98.97%. The percentage of purity from second sample is 98.77%. According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. The percentage of purity for both samples is within the range stated in the BP. The mass obtained from the titration of N-acetylcysteine solution with 0.1M sodium hydroxide with phenolphthalein as indicator for first titration is 0.3224g and second titration is 0.3440g. The percentage of purity obtained from the experiment for first sample is 107.43%. The percentage of purity from second sample is 114.67%. According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), the percentage of should be within 98.0 101.0% of dried substance. The percentage of purity for both samples is out of the range stated in the BP. Phenol red and phenolphthalein are acid-base indicators. The un-dissociated form of the indicator is a different colour than the iogenic form of the indicator. An Indicator does not change colour from pure acid to pure alkaline at specific hydrogen ion concentration, but rather, colour change occurs over a range of hydrogen ion concentrations. This range is termed the colour change interval. It is expressed as a pH range. The pH range for phenol red is 6.8- 8.4 and phenolphthalein is 8.0- 10.0. The selection of indicator will depend on the actual expected pH at the equivalence point which selects an indicator with a pKa right in the middle of the pH change at the equivalence point. N-acetylcysteine solution has pKa 4.0 and 9.5, and a weak acid indicator has to be used to determine the end point of the titration. Phenol red produce a good result compared to the phenolphthalein as indicator when titrate N-acetylcysteine solution with 0.1M sodium hydroxide. d) Zinc: Not more than 10ppm Zinc (Zn): By performing the atomic absorbance technique, we have determined that the N-acetylcysteine sample contained a Zinc concentration of 2.4017ppm. This sample complied with the requirement from the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) monograph standards by not having a Zinc concentration of greater than 10ppm. Atomic absorbance technique can only detect specifically one heavy metal at a time. So, it is very time consuming to detect a wide spectrum of heavy metal impurities within our sample. Plus, the N-acetylcysteine monograph only indicates the need to monitor the level of Zinc present within the sample by atomic absorbance spectrometry. Therefore, to detect other heavy metals we would prefer to use the more generic Limit Test C for Heavy Metals as specified in the British Pharmacopoeia (2008), Volume IV, and Appendix VII. e) Loss on drying: Not more than 1.0% w/w:- According to British Pharmacopoeia (BP), it states that there should be no more than 1.0% in mass. This sample is complied with the BP monograph standards with a loss of only 0.66% in mass. f) Related substances:- HPLC is used in pharmaceutical analysis to quantitative determinations of drugs in formulations. These analyses do not require long time to optimising mobile phase and selecting columns and detectors. Some formulations contain more than one active ingredient and may present more of an analytical challenge since the different ingredients may have quite different chemical properties and elute at very different times from HPLC column. 5. Conclusions: Quality control is an essential operation of the pharmaceutical industry. Drugs must be marketed as safe and therapeutically active formulations whose performance is consistent and predictable. A bundle of sophisticated analytical methods are being developed for the drugs evaluation in pharmaceutical industry. Requirements governing the quality control of pharmaceuticals in accordance with the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) or European Pharmacopoeia. Titration is a procedure used in chemistry in order to determine the molarity of an acid or a base. A chemical reaction is set up between a known volume of

Socialization and Social Stratification Essay -- Sociology

Socialisation is a learning process where people learn and adapt to the appropriate and accepted values, attitudes and behaviours of their society. Nevertheless, separate groups exist within societies for reasons including ethnicity, class and culture and these can bring their own set of ‘norms’. Bond and Bond in Sociology and Social Care (2009 pg28) states â€Å"From the cradle to the grave we are being socialised†. Primary socialisation occurs from infancy to early adulthood. Secondary socialisation follows into the later stages of maturity. Anticipatory socialisation is where we learn to anticipate the actions and activities deemed appropriate by society. Resocialisation occurs when we learn new behaviours in response to new situations and in contrast to behaviours previously learnt and accepted. This can happen when someone receives a prison sentence. They must learn the rules deemed appropriate by those in authority and adapt to shared living and expectations of conduct with other inmates. Throughout the stages of life we learn new skills to deal with different situations. This socialisation process occurs as a result of involvement from agents; ‘situations and people involved in the process of imparting shared social ideas, values and skill’(pg30). Agents include family, peer groups, educational structures and the media. We learn through observation, knowledge and experience. Social Stratification is a hierarchically organised system that classifies people according to power, wealth and status. Sociological perspectives such as functionalism and conflict theory view this practice differently. Functionalism thrives on maintaining structures within society and the people that adhere to the rules of those structures. It views social... ...voice and contributes to the society in which they live. Works Cited Mac Farlane, D. A. (1994). Sociology and Social Care (2009 ed.). Galway: Health Promotion Research Centre, University College Galway, Ireland Kelleher, C., O’Donovan, O., Dineen, B., Becker, G., Gannon, N., O’Kelly, A., et al. (1994). Redefining Health and Wellbeing (2009 ed.). Galway: Centre for Health Promotion Studies, University College Galway, Ireland Partnership, G. C (2011). Galway City Partnerships Strategic Plan 2011 – 2013. Galway: Galway City Partnership. Social Justice – a Scotland where everyone matters; Indicators of Pregress 2003. (n.d). Scottish Government, devolved Government Scotland, devolution, Scottish executive, Scottish Office. Retrieved December 6, 2011, from http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/20

George Orwell Essay -- History Biography Biographies Essays

George Orwell Eric Arthur Blair was born in 1903 at Motihari in British-occupied India. While growing up, he attended private schools in Sussex, Wellington and Eaton. He worked at the Imperial Indian Police until 1927 when he went to London to study the poverty stricken. He then moved to Paris where he wrote two lost novels. After he moved back to England he wrote Down and Out in Paris and London, Burmese Days, A Clergyman’s Daughter and Keep the Apidistra Flying. He published all four under the pseudonym George Orwell. He then married Eileen O’Shaughnessy and wrote The Road to Wigan Pier. Orwell then joined the Army and fought in the Spanish Civil War. He became a socialist revolutionary and wrote Homage to Catalina, Coming Up for Air, and in 1943, he wrote Animal Farm. It’s success ended Orwell’s financial troubles forever. In 1947 and 48 despite Tuberculosis, he wrote Nineteen Eighty-Four. He died in 1950 (Williams 7-15). This essay will show and prove to you that George Orwell’s life has influenced modern society a great deal. Biography In 1903, Eric Arthur Blair was born. Living in India until he was four, Blair and his family then moved to England and settled at Henley. At the age of eight, Blair was sent to a private school in Sussex, and he lived there, except on holidays, until he was thirteen. He went to two private secondary schools: Wellington(for one term) and Eaton (for four and a half years). After Eaton, Blair joined the Imperial Indian Police and was trained in Burma. He served there for nearly five years and then in 1927, while home on a leave, decided not to return. He later wrote that he had come to understand and reject the imperialism he was serving. He was stuck...between hatred of the empire and rage against the native people who opposed it, and made his immediate job more difficult. Blair, on his first six months of release, traveled to the East End to research the English poor. In Spring of 1928, he took a room in a working-class district of Paris. He wrote two novels, which have been lost, as well as publishing a number of articles in French and English, and later became ill with pneumonia. He then worked ten weeks as a dishwasher and kitchen porter, and later returned to England at the end of 1929. He used his parents’ home in Suffolk for writing and earned money from occasional articles and teaching. Bl... ...o is never swept away by his imagination.† Of Nineteen Eighty-Four, Fredric Warburg comments, â€Å"This is amongst the most terrifying books I have ever read†. â€Å"Mr. Orwell’s latest book, Nineteen Eighty-Four, can be approached either as a political argument or as an indictment of materialism cast in fictional form,† writes Harold Nicolson. â€Å"Mr. Orwell is in every way similar to Huxley, especially in his contempt for people, in his aim of slandering man,† reports Isaac Anisimov for the Pravda. CONCLUSION As you can see, George Orwell is one of the most beloved and respected authors in history. His works speak out against money, hypocrisy, poverty and injustice. His style has influenced many modern authors and will, most definitely, influence many more authors to come. WORKS CITED Calder, Jenni. Animal Farm & Nineteen Eighty-Four. Philadelphia:Milton Keynes, 1986. Meyers, Jeffery. George Orwell: The Critical Hertige. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975. Orwell, George. Animal Farm. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1982 Williams, Raymond. Orwell. London: Raymond Williams, 1991 Wykes, David. A Preface to Orwell. New York: Longman, Inc., 1987. George Orwell Essay -- History Biography Biographies Essays George Orwell Eric Arthur Blair was born in 1903 at Motihari in British-occupied India. While growing up, he attended private schools in Sussex, Wellington and Eaton. He worked at the Imperial Indian Police until 1927 when he went to London to study the poverty stricken. He then moved to Paris where he wrote two lost novels. After he moved back to England he wrote Down and Out in Paris and London, Burmese Days, A Clergyman’s Daughter and Keep the Apidistra Flying. He published all four under the pseudonym George Orwell. He then married Eileen O’Shaughnessy and wrote The Road to Wigan Pier. Orwell then joined the Army and fought in the Spanish Civil War. He became a socialist revolutionary and wrote Homage to Catalina, Coming Up for Air, and in 1943, he wrote Animal Farm. It’s success ended Orwell’s financial troubles forever. In 1947 and 48 despite Tuberculosis, he wrote Nineteen Eighty-Four. He died in 1950 (Williams 7-15). This essay will show and prove to you that George Orwell’s life has influenced modern society a great deal. Biography In 1903, Eric Arthur Blair was born. Living in India until he was four, Blair and his family then moved to England and settled at Henley. At the age of eight, Blair was sent to a private school in Sussex, and he lived there, except on holidays, until he was thirteen. He went to two private secondary schools: Wellington(for one term) and Eaton (for four and a half years). After Eaton, Blair joined the Imperial Indian Police and was trained in Burma. He served there for nearly five years and then in 1927, while home on a leave, decided not to return. He later wrote that he had come to understand and reject the imperialism he was serving. He was stuck...between hatred of the empire and rage against the native people who opposed it, and made his immediate job more difficult. Blair, on his first six months of release, traveled to the East End to research the English poor. In Spring of 1928, he took a room in a working-class district of Paris. He wrote two novels, which have been lost, as well as publishing a number of articles in French and English, and later became ill with pneumonia. He then worked ten weeks as a dishwasher and kitchen porter, and later returned to England at the end of 1929. He used his parents’ home in Suffolk for writing and earned money from occasional articles and teaching. Bl... ...o is never swept away by his imagination.† Of Nineteen Eighty-Four, Fredric Warburg comments, â€Å"This is amongst the most terrifying books I have ever read†. â€Å"Mr. Orwell’s latest book, Nineteen Eighty-Four, can be approached either as a political argument or as an indictment of materialism cast in fictional form,† writes Harold Nicolson. â€Å"Mr. Orwell is in every way similar to Huxley, especially in his contempt for people, in his aim of slandering man,† reports Isaac Anisimov for the Pravda. CONCLUSION As you can see, George Orwell is one of the most beloved and respected authors in history. His works speak out against money, hypocrisy, poverty and injustice. His style has influenced many modern authors and will, most definitely, influence many more authors to come. WORKS CITED Calder, Jenni. Animal Farm & Nineteen Eighty-Four. Philadelphia:Milton Keynes, 1986. Meyers, Jeffery. George Orwell: The Critical Hertige. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975. Orwell, George. Animal Farm. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1982 Williams, Raymond. Orwell. London: Raymond Williams, 1991 Wykes, David. A Preface to Orwell. New York: Longman, Inc., 1987.

A Writers Choice Essay -- Writing Style Styles Essays

A Writer's Choice "The words we use to communicate our impressions cannot alone constitute a vocabulary sufficient to describe style, but they are part of one†¦" (Williams 18-19). This excerpt from Joseph M. Williams' Style Toward Clarity and Grace conveys a common theme in his book: Style is complex, and it is a matter of choice. Although writers across the nation may have been taught similar features of style and therefore produce similar products, they may choose to use or disregard those elements of style at will. Writing parallels many other versatile fields - such as art, music, and dance - with the notion that in order to break the rules, one must first understand them. A creator needs a foundation to build on; in writing and style, this foundation is a combination of accuracy, consistency, clarity, and concision. Accuracy is arguably a facet of style. With their list of commonly misused words and expressions in Elements of Style, Strunk and White stress the importance of using language correctly and even identify its relationship with style. "Many of the words and expressions listed here are not so much bad English as bad style, the commonplaces of careless writing" (39). The authors do acknowledge that there is no ultimate authority who deems which words must be used over others, but their matter-of-fact tone and occasional jabs at writers who misuse certain words seem to forecast misfortunes for those who do not follow a recommended word usage. Williams is less concerned about such strict guidelines because "not all of us will agree on what counts as correct" (170). He attributes some rules to folklore, some to special formality, and a lot to personal choice. However, he acknowledges that precision may be ne... ...ingway was a renowned author said to have a distinct style: short sentences and paragraphs that used simple vocabulary. He also tended to avoid putting commas in places where many writers and language experts - Strunk and White, for example - would deem them necessary. And he won a Pulitzer Prize. Despite their solid rules and guidelines, Strunk and White never impose their own definition of style. Williams doesn't either; he depicts it, however, not as one entity but a flexible, evolving collection of writing applications. One can conclude, then, that style ultimately comes down to the methods that writers define and use to create their end results. Works Cited Strunk, William, and White, E.B. The Elements of Style. Needham, NY: Allyn & Bacon, 2000, 1979. Williams, Joseph M. Style Toward Clarity and Grace. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Theories of varied motivation in psychology

It is said that entire psychology is about the study of motivation itself. In fact the science of psychology evolved to explain, answer and reason the ‘why’ of human behavior. Motivation holds the answer to this ‘why’ because when we attempt to reason for a particular behavior or attitude then basically we are finding the motivations responsible for that particular behavior (Gorman, 2003, 1). People perform a variety of actions through multiple roles according to their dominant motivation that guides their behavior. In psychological studies the implicit motivations determining human behavior are not only considered from point of view of biological drives and neurological impetus but they are also explained by relational aspect of human behavior where motivation is a dynamic aspect of the behavior that helps people to interact with the world (Nuttin, 1984,1).   Many theorist attempt to offer generalized explanation for a majority of human actions purely in terms of natural instinct or sudden impulse. Even the people engaged in performing those actions may also agree to this viewpoint. However, the theory of instinct and impulse presents an incomplete rational because there are critical external factors and attractions that also contribute towards the particular motivation. Therefore human motivation is a dynamic product of combination of intrinsic human traits as well as their environmental setting. Another important factor that plays an important role in explaining motivational factors in behavior is human emotion (Gorman, 2003, 89). Human beings experience a number of emotional states that continue to fluctuate and they act as causative factors in a large number of actions undertaken by them. As a matter of fact, motivation is a product of a very complex process of internal and external interaction of human beings with themselves and their surrounding and it acts as stimulant and provide energy for their behaviors and consequent actions. Psychoanalytic Explanation of motives Motives interests psychologist because they provide insight into the character and approach of individuals, providing psychologists with test materials on which they can further form and expand their theories. The reasons of specific actions, such as why did a person steal, why did he commit a murder, why did he participate in a cause where he was not interested, or why did he contributed a majority of his wealth to charitable causes can perhaps be better understood if the motives behind them are sought. The implicit notion is that there are some actions which deviant to a person’s characteristics and those that are difficult be explained by any standard rule based system (Peters, 1958, 28). Psychologists, in their attempts to explore the motives, that is the set of specific reasons for deviant as well as normal actions have given considerable attention to the unconscious self of human beings of which they are themselves unaware. The unconscious self is composed of repressed feelings of deprivations, unfulfilled desires and infant sexuality and it subtly acts on every human being to set the framework of many of their actions (Peters, 1958, 55). This theory of unconscious mental process, as proposed by Freud, and the psychoanalytic explanations it offered, did not profess to explain the entire gamut of human behaviors, but it certainly provided a more panoramic view to cause and reasons of many human actions that were hitherto conventionally explained on mere visible evidences. According to the new wisdom, actions performed by people have a long and complicated background and though they may appear final or conclusive in their immediate bearing, they are part of a long chain of interconnected events. Therefore even the simple question that why did John walk across the road take vast proportion in psychology. As explained by Peters (4), the simple answer that John crosses the road to buy some tobacco is insufficient, even though John himself in unaware of any other motive. To a psychologist, in crossing the road to buy tobacco, John is conforming to many social and cultural stereotypes such as he is not running or crawling across the road to get the tobacco (ibid, 5). If John had run, then his goal of obtaining tobacco would had fallen incommensurate with his action that should had warranted more urgent justification. However as John walks across the road, it indicates that procuring tobacco is a kind of activity that should be accomplished in a normal behavioral conduct to make it appear as an appropriate social function. A psychologist might further argue that John has secret liking for tobacconist’s girl, and he goes to the particular shop to see that girl, though he may himself be not aware of this. Another explanation might be offered that John had an unconscious disliking of work from which he wanted to escape and the act of going to tobacconist was a way for him to stay away from the unpleasant work. Its important to see here that in neither of these explanations John himself is aware of any other reason other than buying tobacco, but each of the region, both of them or several others can be true to the case. The Biological Approach to Motives The biological or physiological aspects of motives are perhaps the earliest explanations that were offered to reason for motives behind human actions and behaviors. This approach views human as ‘drive-oriented’ animals who are more the product of biological factors of cellular and neurochemical reactions, acting through our genetic traits alone and spurred by release of hormones to various actions. This physiological analysis puts instinct as the primary reason behind every human action and its framework basic human instincts such as desire to eat, drink, sleep and have sex combine to form the further ramifications of human behavior (Gorman, 2003,14). In this model, drives for specific actions stimulate people and they respond accordingly in their behavior. It states that behavior of people is the result of homeostasis, that is, the tendency to maintain a stable internal environment of body. Body responds to any deprivation that threatens the stability of internal equilibrium and unleashes corresponding behavior to correct it (Weiner, 1980, 11). Thus homeostasis drive theory accounts for situations where a person may be compelled to steal food if he is hungry, or run if he is threatened, as maintaining the internal equilibrium is principle motive of any living organism. Behavioral approach to motives As Nuttin (1984, 16) states, understanding of motivational process is critically dependent on understanding of dynamic aspects of human behavior. In the field of psychology behavior refers to cognitive activities that an individual performs in the context of a behavioral world (ibid, 17). These activities can not be understood if they are treated separately, and therefore an integrated model of behavior interpretation is required that views that takes a complete and related view of all the processes in the living organism. According to the behavioral model, the various biochemical functions and basic drives are encompassed by behavior that gives these individual traits their full meaning and purpose (ibid, 18). As such hunger, thirst, sleep, sex drive, fear, ecstasy, loyalty etc are not isolated factors in determining motives. Instead they are integrated as part of the behavioral structure that creates a sense of organic continuity. Thus seeing changes to watching and hearing changes to listening in the behavioral model. Various theories and models in the field of social behavior have come with suggestion that human behavior reflects a person’s intent to act (Orbell, 2004, 145). According to each of these models it is possible to predict behavior from intentions and behavioral control displayed by a person. Behavioral characteristics can successfully account for specific types of motivations seen with various actions. For example, harvesting, hunting and fishing are quite different behaviors, yet they are done with the same objective of procuring food. Similarly, despite their different behavioral traits, people are essentially same every where, in the sense that they seek love, trust, social respect, and financial stability, thus acting through almost identical motivational drives. Within the behavioral system, a form of unity and cohesion is attempted out of multiple elements interacting together in a motivational setup (Nuttin, 1984, 84). Humanistic Approach to Motives The humanistic approach in describing different motives for human actions is a relatively new field. Its fundamental principles, as stated by Weiner(1980, 409) are 1. Humanistic psychology studies people in their real life circumstances, where humans are subjects of the study, rather than object. People are described in their own consciousness and perceptions and the reasons and motives of their actions are placed along with their individuality, in a holistic and complete framework. 2. Humanistic psychologists also believe that human choice, will, their desire to move ahead in life, to grow and realize their potentials contribute to their actions, behavior and approach to life. 3. The dominant characteristics of any individual is to achieve personal potential, and develop their capacities and talents to highest level. Thus the central motivation in an individual’s life is to grow, move ahead and develop his or her own self. Conclusion Human actions would continue to be defined, analyzed and interpreted from a number of points of view, according to various theories, models and approaches to understand its complexity and give complete meaning to its attributes, in order to evolve a wholesome picture of factors that motivates people towards a varied degree of actions. Motivations can be best understood from the dynamics of behavior and the integrated setup that provides basis for planning, thinking, action and achievements of goals to people. Further, people are motivated to different actions based on their own perception of needs and requirements as well acting through their subconscious self, which explains for the difference in their perceived reason of their certain steps from the actual reasons justifying it. Reference Gorman, P, 2003, Motivation and Emotion, Routledge, New York. Nuttin, J, 1984, Motivation, Planning, and Action: A Relational Theory of Behavior Dynamics, (trnsltr) Jean E. Dumas ,, Raymond P. Lorion , Leuven University Press; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Leuven, Belgium. Orbell, S, 2004, Contemporary Perspectives on the Psychology of Attitudes: The Cardiff Symposium. (edit ) Geoffrey Haddock,   Gregory R. Maio, Psychology Press. Hove, England. Peters RS, 1985,The Concept of Motivation. Routledge & Kegan Paul :London Weiner, H, 1980, Human Motivation, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ